一帶一路丨雲南與緬甸貿易及邊境合作（一）

在推進「一帶一路」建設，中國將發揮國內各地區比較優勢，雲南則定位為「面向南亞、東南亞的輻射中心」。在「一帶一路」建設之中，雲南將主力發揮區位優勢，構建中國從陸路上連接印度洋及南太平洋的國際通道，建設外向型特色產業基地，並將雲南建設成中國面向南亞及東南亞的區域性國際經濟貿易中心。

In advancing its Belt and Road Initiative, China is giving full play to the comparative advantages of various regions in the country, with Yunnan province positioned as “a major hub reaching out to South Asia and Southeast Asia”. Yunnan will take full advantage of its geographic position to build an international passage from China to the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean by land. Efforts will also be made to build an export-oriented industrial base and to develop the province into a regional-level international economic and trade centre for China, reaching out to South Asia and Southeast Asia.

近年一些外向型加工產業正向邊境地區聚集，例如北汽雲南瑞麗汽車、銀翔摩托車等。除了昆明的滇中新區作為區域發展的重要載體外，雲南也將推進一些與緬甸和越南之間的邊境經濟合作區，例如與緬甸接壤的中緬瑞麗-木姐跨境經濟合作區，藉以發展邊境地區的經濟及跨境合作。

In recent years, a number of export-oriented processing industries, including BAIC Yunnan Ruili Automotive and Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle, have set up in the border regions. As well as Kunming’s Dianzhong New Area, which is the focus of regional development, Yunnan will develop border economic cooperation zones with Myanmar and Vietnam – notably the China-Myanmar Ruili-Muse Cross-border Economic Cooperation Zone at the Myanmar border – in order to promote economic and cross-border cooperation in the border regions.

雲南與緬甸貿易為主    Myanmar: Yunnan’s Major Trading Partner

雲南與東盟貿易，由2011年60億美元增長到2014年的143億美元，出口約佔三分之二。東盟佔雲南貿易由2011年的37%上升至2014年的48%。2014年雲南與東盟的貿易之中，緬甸佔了49%，而雲南與緬甸的貿易則佔了中國與緬甸的貿易近30%。

Yunnan’s trade with ASEAN jumped to US$14.3 billion in 2014 from US$6 billion in 2011, with exports making up about two-thirds of the value. ASEAN accounted for 48% of Yunnan’s external trade in 2014, up from 37% in 2011. Trade between Yunnan and Myanmar in 2014 accounted for 49% of the province’s trade with ASEAN, and almost 30% of the trade between China and Myanmar.

據雲南商務廳表示，服裝、家電等製成品出口，都是從沿海地區過到雲南，這類產品基本上佔出口到東盟的一半，經雲南的貿易商多數進行一般貿易，而邊境貿易只佔約12%，以往邊境貿易對關稅及增值稅有優惠政策，但近年已把這些優惠逐步取消。據雲南商務廳指出，也有部分沿海地區的廠商到雲南以至邊境合作區落戶，經營出口到東南亞業務，但在那裡採購的較多是小批量、多批次，貿易規模小，但涉及的品種較多，因此經過貿易商較為方便。

According to the Yunnan Department of Commerce, finished products such as the garments and household appliances exported by the province, mostly come from the coastal regions and account for about half of Yunnan’s exports to ASEAN. Traders carrying out business via Yunnan mainly conduct general trade, with border trade accounting for only about 12% of the total. In the past, border trade benefited from preferential policies on tariffs and VAT, but these concessions have gradually been removed in recent years. According to the Yunnan Department of Commerce, a number of manufacturers from the coastal regions have set up in Yunnan and the border cooperation zones in order to conduct export trade with Southeast Asia. However, since these export orders tend to involve small volumes and a large variety of product types, it is more convenient to conduct business through traders.

雲南瑞麗口岸是中國最大的對緬貿易陸路口岸，與緬甸的木姐口岸對接。多年來，瑞麗口岸進出口貿易總額約佔雲南省對緬甸貿易的60%。

Yunnan’s Ruili port, bordering Myanmar’s Muse port, is China’s largest land port in terms of trade with Myanmar. For many years, the total value of import-export trade handled via Ruili port accounted for about 60% of Yunnan’s trade with Myanmar.

位於昆明的螺螄灣國際商貿城是當地最大的批發市場，現共有約2.5萬商戶，主要是批發兼營零售，每天人流估計約25萬。客群除了昆明當地，還有附近地州市居民，外地發貨過來的貨車來自廣東、浙江、福建、貴州等。在商貿城旁邊便有一個綜合物流城，外省發貨到這裡，商戶賣出去也能做到點對點送貨。

The Luoshiwan International Trade City in Kunming is the largest wholesale facility in the city. Housing 25,000 business operators engaged in wholesale and retail, Luoshiwan boasts a daily visitor flow of 250,000. Visitors include local people from Kunming, residents in neighbouring prefectures and cities, as well as traders with truckloads of goods from places such as Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guizhou. Located next to Luoshiwan is an integrated logistics facility where goods from outside the province can be stored and then delivered door-to-door to buyers.

市場運作模式與浙江義烏相似。據螺螄灣國際商貿城的代表指出，商貿城的商戶有70-80%來自外省，主要是浙江、廣東、福建等，當中大部分是貿易商，其他也有生產商。雖然批發仍以雲南及西南地區為主，但估計約有20%的業務是與境外市場如老撾和緬甸有關，主要是通過邊貿形式進行。一些具民族特色的產品也甚至銷售到印度和巴基斯坦。

Luoshiwan’s business model is similar to that of Yiwu in Zhejiang. According to a Luoshiwan representative, 70-80% of business operators in the trade city come from outside Yunnan, mainly from Zhejiang, Guangdong and Fujian. The majority are traders, although some are manufacturers. While wholesale mainly targets Yunnan and the southwestern region, it is estimated that about 20% of the business involves foreign markets, such as Laos and Myanmar. This business is conducted primarily in the form of border trade. Some ethnic products are also sold to India and Pakistan.

據螺螄灣國際商貿城表示，從他們的發展可以看到，過去幾年雲南的消費水平明顯提升，例如在商貿城新一期(第二期)的市場內，服裝類的都是有品牌的商戶，檔次也明顯較第一期的市場為高。

According to the Luoshiwan representative, its growth is a result of the rising consumption levels in Yunnan in recent years. For instance, the trade city’s latest phase (Phase II) generally sells garments via brand-name stores, with the products on offer there of a considerably higher grade than those being sold in Phase I.