據史料記載，中國與印度的交流可以追溯到西元2世紀，中國高僧法顯（339-414年）於西元402年訪問印度，他在印度住了10年。他在回到 中國以後將許多梵文佛經譯成了中文。他所作的遊記“佛國記”是一部很重要的具有曆 史價值的著作。西域高僧鳩摩羅什以及佛經修多羅於西元401年被請到中國。他將梵文 譯成中文的修多羅至今仍非常寶貴。西元五世紀南印度高僧菩提達摩成了中國少林寺的 第一位禪師。玄奘於西元七世紀戒日王時期訪問印度，研究探尋佛經文稿。他的遊歷被 後人寫成了小說“西遊記”成為中國著名的傳統文學著作和神話。
Written records of contacts between India and China date back to at least 2nd century B.C. A Chinese monk, Fa Xian (Fa-Hsien, AD 399-414), visited India in AD 402, stayed for 10 years, and after his return translated many Sanskrit, Buddhist texts into Chinese. His record of journeys Fo Guo Ji (Record of Buddhist Kingdoms) is an important historical source. Kumarajiva, a scholar in Vedas as well as Buddhist Sutras, was born of Chinese mother and Indian father. His translations of Sanskrit sutras into Chinese are valued even today. In the 5th Century AD Bodhidharma, a South Indian monk, became the first patriarch of the Shaolin Monastery in China. Xuan Zang (Hiuen Tsang) visited India during Harsha Vardhana’s reign in the 7th Century AD, in search of Buddhist scriptures. His journey became part of traditional Chinese lore when narrated in a later period book called “A Journey to the West”.
在印度佛教的衰敗以及殖民主義的擴張時期，兩國間的文化交流也隨之減退。然而當兩國人民開始尋找答案以回答面臨的新問題時，老的傳統友誼又復蘇了。國家爭取自由的偉大鬥爭促進了恢復交往、互利和相互支持。具有歷史意義的事情是康有為於十九世紀九十年代在印度考察、譚雲山教授于1937年在泰戈爾指導下在印度國際大學創立了中國學院、印度國會於1938年派遣醫療隊去中國幫助中國人民（柯棣華大夫就在該醫療隊中）、1939年至1940年徐悲鴻訪問了印度。
The decline of Buddhism in India and spread of colonialism in both the countries resulted in diminished cultural exchanges. However, when people of both the countries started searching for new answers to new questions, old friendship was revived. The respective national struggles for freedom saw resumption of contacts, mutual interest, and feelings of solidarity. Landmark events of this period are Kang Youwei’s stay in India (1890s), Tagore’s visit to China (1924), setting up of Cheena Bhawan in Viswabharati University by Professor Tan Yunshan under Tagore’s guidance (1937), sending of the Aid China Medical Mission, which included Dr. Dwarakanath Kotnis, by the Indian National Congress (1938), and Xu Beihong’s visit to Shantiniketan (1939-40).
上世紀五十年代早期及“中印兄弟”的年代見證了這種加強的聯繫。印度電影（如 Awaara、Caravan、Do Bigha Eameen）及印度明星（如拉賈卡普爾和那傑斯）在中國
The early fifties and the Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai phase of 1950s witnessed a further strengthening of these ties. Indian films like Awaara, Caravan and Do Bigha Zameen as well as stars like Raj Kapoor and Nargis left a lasting impression on Chinese audiences. The resumption of political relations in 1980s has provided an impetus to cultural exchanges.
與印度有關的中國古跡
INDIA RELATED HISTORICAL SITES IN CHINA
1.石窟Grottoes
敦煌：位於甘肅省，是塔克拉瑪幹沙漠東端的一個綠洲城市。在古代，敦煌曾是絲綢之路上的一個重鎮，傳自印度的佛教在這裡留下了深深的印記，包括千佛洞和莫高窟等，洞穴石壁上刻滿精美的壁畫，讓人想起印度歷史上的阿旃陀（西元366年到西元10世紀）。
DUNHUANG: In Gansu province, an oasis town at the eastern edge of the Taklamakan desert. Was important along the ancient Silk Route and has many imprints of Buddhism from India, including the Thousand Buddha Cave and the Mogao Grottoes with impressive frescoes reminiscent of Ajanta, from 366 A.D till the 10th century.
新疆：新疆的古代建築藝術深受印度佛教的影響，在遍及新疆各地的佛塔、寺廟以及懸崖洞窟中，這種影響都非常明顯。一些重要的遺址包括吐魯番的柏孜克裡克千佛洞、庫車、克孜爾、Cherchelik及尼雅等。
XINJIANG: Ancient architectural art in Xinjiang was greatly influenced by the Indian Buddhism that are reflected in grottoes built on cliffs, temples and towers found in large numbers across Xinjiang. Some important locations are Bezeklik in Turfan, Kucha, Kizil, Cherchelik and Niya.
洛陽：位於河南省洛陽市附近的龍門石窟是中國四大佛教石窟之一。龍門石窟於北魏時期（西元488年）開始修建，歷經唐宋兩朝，一直持續到西元14世紀。龍門石窟共包括10多萬尊雕像，40座寶塔及3600幅題記和碑刻。
LUOYANG: Near Luoyang city in Henan province, the Longmen Caves are one of China’s four major Buddhist caves. Construction began in the northern Wei dynasty (488 AD) and lasted through the Tang and Song dynasties until the 14th century. Consists of over 100,000 statues, some 40 pagodas and 3600 tablets.
大足：大足石窟位於重慶直轄市，主要是指懸崖雕刻，其中寶頂山石窟是最大、也是迄今保存最為完好的石窟。大足石窟於唐朝（西元650年）開始建造，一直持續到明清時期，包括5萬多尊佛教、道教和儒家岩石塑像。
DAZU: Dazu Grottoes are cliff-side carvings in Chongqing municipality, of which the Baoding Grotto is the largest and the best preserved. Construction began in the Tang dynasty (650A.D.) and continued through the Ming and Qing. Includes more than 50,000 Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian rock carvings.
大同：山西大同以雲岡石窟而聞名，石窟群密集地分佈在懸崖上，延伸長達1公里遠。雲岡石窟修建於北魏時期（西元453年-494年），包括約1000個石窟和約10萬尊佛像。
DATONG: Datong in Shanxi province is famous for the Yungang Grottoes, hewn in a cliff side in a honeycomb pattern, forming grottoes that stretch about a kilometre. Belonging to the Northern Wei period (453-494 A.D.), it consists of about 1,000 grottoes and some 100,000 Buddhist statues.
2. 寺廟Temples
北京五塔寺：五塔寺修建於明永樂年間（1403-1424年），仿菩提伽耶寺而建。明清時期，每年前往五塔寺祭拜的信徒不計其數。寺廟周圍雕刻有梵文和藏文。寺廟寶塔在文化大革命時期及1976年唐山大地震中遭到嚴重損壞。1979年進行修復。
Five Pagoda temple (Wuta Si), Beijing: Built in the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty (1403-1424), the temple is modelled after the Bodhgaya temple. Attracted countless pilgrims each year during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Carvings in Sanskrit and Tibetan. The pagoda was heavily damaged during the Cultural Revolution and the earthquake at Tangshan in 1976. Restored since 1979.
洛陽白馬寺：洛陽白馬寺是中國最古老的寺廟之一，修建於西元75年，原址位於河南省洛陽市東北部。據傳說，有兩個來自印度的僧人騎著白馬送來佛教經典，白馬寺因此得名。西元一世紀，最早來中國傳播佛教的印度高僧竺法蘭和攝摩騰就曾在此弘法。今天所見的建築修建于明朝。如今的白馬寺是一個活躍的禪宗修行中心，少數僧人仍然在此修行。目前，為了銘記白馬寺在增強印中友誼方面所做的歷史功績，印度政府正出資在原來的寺院內興建一座印度風格的佛殿。
White Horse Temple (Baima Si), Luoyang: Northeast of Luoyang in Henan province, the original monastery at this site, constructed in AD 75, was one of the first Buddhist temples in China. Legend has it that two monks from India riding a white horse delivered the Buddhist sutras to Luoyang–hence the temple’s name. Dharmaratna and Kasyapa Matanga, the first Indian teachers of Buddhism in China in the first century AD, stayed at this temple. The buildings seen today date from the Ming dynasty. The Baimasi today is an active centre for Zen (Chan) Buddhism and a few monks still live on its grounds. At present, to celebrate the historical role of the Temple in bringing India and China together, Government of India is building an Indian style Buddhist shrine within the original temple complex.
西安大雁塔和小雁塔：大雁塔最先於西元589年修建于長安（今天的陝西西安），相比小雁塔，大雁塔更為有名，因為唐朝皇帝對其進行過重建，供玄奘在此修行，並翻譯從印度不遠萬裡帶回來的梵文佛經。隨後，玄奘翻譯的佛經就保存在此。玄奘還曾擔任這裡的住持。小雁塔修建於西元709年，與著名僧人義淨有關，他在這裡翻譯了約400卷從印度帶回的梵文佛經。
Big and Little Goose Pagodas, Xi’an: Originally built in 589 A.D. in the Sui Dynasty in China’s ancient capital Chang’an (today’s Xi’an in Shaanxi province), the Big Goose Pagoda is more famous as the temple reconstructed by the Tang Emperor for Xuan Zang to stay and translate the original Sanskrit texts which he brought from India. The texts were subsequently stored here. Xuan Zang was also the temple’s abbot. The little Goose Pagoda was built in 709 AD and was associated with the Buddhist monk Yijing, who translated some 400 volumes of Sanskrit scriptures brought from India.
扶風縣法門寺：在西安附近，修建於西魏，但在唐朝時期（西元618-907年）較受重視。法門寺的主要聖物為一組四根手指骨，據稱是釋迦摩尼的手指骨舍利。佛祖舍利靜靜地在地下躺了幾個世紀，直到二十世紀八十年代，法門寺寶塔倒塌，修繕工程中在地基下發現了三間石室，佛祖真身指骨舍利才重回人間。
Famen Si, Fufeng: Near Xi’an, and founded in the Western Wei dynasty, but assuming greater importance during the Tang dynasty (618-907 A.D.), the centrepiece of the relics at Famen Si, or the Gate of Dharma, was a set of four finger bones that were believed to be those of Buddha himself. The reliquary objects lay undisturbed for centuries, until the 1980s, when the pagoda collapsed and renovation revealed three stone chambers beneath the foundations.
少林寺：位於河南省登封市附近，西元六世紀，由來自印度的佛法大師達摩修建，作為重要的武術中心。在達摩的帶領下，少林寺逐漸發展成一個繁榮的禪宗修習中心，並在唐朝以後成為影響力最大的佛教支派。
Shaolin Temple: Near Dengfeng in Henan province, the Shaolin Temple was established in the 6th century AD by the Indian Buddhist master, Bodhidharma (Damo, in Chinese) as a great centre of martial arts. Under Bodhidharma, Shaolin flourished as a centre of Zen Buddhism, which became the most influential branch of Chinese Buddhism after the Tang.
三門峽空相寺：位於河南省三門峽達摩祖師墓旁，不久前，空相寺舉行了慶祝達摩祖師1500周年誕辰的慶典活動。
Kong Xiang Temple, Sanmenxia: Built beside Bodhidharma’s grave in Sanmenxia in Henan province, the Kong Xiang temple recently held a large-scale celebration of Bodhidharma’s 1500th birth anniversary.
泉州開元寺：開元寺於西元7世紀由唐朝開元皇帝敕建于泉州。開元寺大雄寶殿建有兩根刻有濕婆神的石柱。顯而易見，這兩根石柱是從印度的寺廟運至泉州的。其他特色石刻遺跡包括一個帶翅膀的佛祖像、一頭向濕婆林迦獻花的大象以及一個站立的毗瑟挐像。自1933年首次發現印度教遺跡以來，迄今泉州已發現300多件具有印度教特色的建築和雕刻碎片。大多數碎片都發現於通淮門附近，由於這裡曾是明朝重建城牆的一部分，因此，泉州東南部很有可能曾建有一座印度教廟宇。
Kaiyuan Temple, Quanzhou: Built in 7th century AD in Quanzhou, which was founded by Emperor Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan Temple’s Mahavira Hall has two carved stone poles bearing carvings of Shiva. The poles were apparently transported to Quanzhou from Indian temple nearby. Other unique stone relics include a carving of a winged Buddha, an elephant offering flowers to a Shivalinga and a standing statue of Vishnu. Over 300 Hindu architectural and sculptural fragments have been identified in Quanzhou since they were first discovered in 1933. Since many fragments were found near the Tonghuai Gate as part of the city wall rebuilt in the Ming dynasty, it is likely that there was a Hindu temple in the south-eastern part of the city.
另外，人們相信在雲南麗江和福建福州也都存在印度寺廟遺跡。
Remnants of Hindu temples are also believed to be in Lijiang in Yunnan province and at Fuzhou in Fujian province.
3. 紀念館/博物館Memorials/ Museums
石家莊柯棣華大夫紀念館：抗日戰爭期間，柯棣華大夫作為印度援華醫療隊成員來到中國。柯棣華大夫的墳墓建在石家莊（河北省）。石家莊烈士陵園內建有一座以柯棣華大夫名字命名的紀念館。
Dr. Kotnis Memorial, Shijiazhuang: A member of the Indian Medical Mission sent to China during the war with Japan, Dr. Kotnis’ grave is presently at Shijiazhuang (Hebei province). A memorial in his name is located in the city’s Martyr’s Museum Park.
西安陝西歷史博物館：博物館收藏了大量玄奘的經文。
Museum of History, Xi’an: The museum has a large collection of Xuan Zang’s scriptures.
廣州巴斯教徒墓地：在中國南部的廣州市附近發現了巴斯墓地遺跡，這說明在18和19世紀，印度巴斯人和中國南方有貿易往來。
Parsi Cemetery, Guangzhou: Remnants of an old Parsi cemetery discovered close to Guangzhou in southern China reveal the 18th and 19th century trading links between the Parsi community from India with southern China.
杭州泰戈爾紀念堂：泰戈爾紀念堂由中國學者魏風江修建。二十世紀四十年代，魏風江曾在印度桑提尼克坦（Shantiniketan）留學。紀念館展出與泰戈爾1924年中國之行有關的物品及其他一些物品。
Tagore Museum, Hangzhou: Established by a Chinese scholar, Wei Fengjiang, who studied in Shantiniketan in the forties, the museum has memorabilia of Tagore’s visit to China in 1924 and other objects.
昆明駝峰航線紀念館：二戰期間，將盟軍的支援物資從英屬印度的加爾各答通過飛機運送至昆明，支持國共統一陣線聯合抗日。
Across the Hump Memorial, Kunming: Carries WW II collections from British India, when allied forces flew transport planes from Calcutta to Kunming to support the KMT-Communist United Front in the war against Japan.
成都：博物館展出一系列刻在竹子上的巴厘語經文，這些經文出土於四川省成都市附近。人們認為，這些經文中的大部分是從印度東北部通過陸路運送至中國，然後雕刻在竹子上的。
Chengdu: The museum contains a collection of Pali scripture etchings on bamboo discovered near Chengdu in Sichuan province. Most of these scriptures are believed to have been originally brought from north-east India through the overland route and to have been etched on bamboo in China.
青島：佛學大師法顯從印度取經歸來，所乘輪船偏離航向，大費周折，在斯里蘭卡和印尼繞了一圈之後，終於在山東省港市青島附近靠岸，因此此地具有紀念意義。
Qingdao: Buddhist scholar Fa Xian’s (Fa Hyan) return voyage from India is commemorated near the port city of Qingdao in Shandong province where his ship, believed to have been drifted astray, managed to return after a long voyage from Sri Lanka and Indonesia.
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