一帶一路丨雲南與緬甸貿易及邊境合作（二）

開發開放試驗區推動沿邊地區發展

Development and Opening-up Experimental Zones Propels Growth of Border Areas

中國國務院在2016年1月發布了《關於支持沿邊重點地區開發開放若干政策措施的意見》，當中提出要促進沿邊地區特色優勢產業發展，並支持在沿邊重點地區優先布局進口能源資源加工轉化利用項目，以及進口資源落地加工項目，發展外向型產業集群；並提出研究設立沿邊重點地區產業發展基金。這些政策顯示中央以至地方均積極推動沿邊地區的產業發展。事實上，早於上述意見的發布，雲南近年已開始大力推進一些沿邊的開發政策。

The State Council issued the Opinions on Several Policies and Measures Supporting the Development and Opening-up of Key Border Areas in January this year. It was advocated that steps will be taken to promote the development of priority industries in the border areas; support and prioritise projects to process, transform and utilise imported energy resources as well as projects to process imported resources in key border areas; develop export-oriented industry clusters; and look into the possibility of establishing a key border area industrial development fund. These policies indicate that the central and local governments are positively advancing industrial development in the border areas. In fact, before the above opinions were issued, Yunnan had already devoted considerable effort in recent years to implementing policies encouraging the development of the border areas

在雲南的沿邊地區，便先後經國務院批准成立了兩個重點開發開放試驗區，一個是2012年正式成立的「瑞麗重點開發開放試驗區」，另一個是剛於2015年7月批准的「勐腊(磨憨) 重點開發開放試驗區」。另一方面，也繼續推進跨境經濟合作區，希望加強與接壤的東南亞國家共同發展。現時位於雲南的國家級邊境合作區共有4個，分別位於面向緬甸的瑞麗、畹町，面向越南的河口，以及於2013年才批准，也是面向緬甸的臨滄。

Following approval by the State Council, two key development and opening-up experimental zones have been built in Yunnan’s border areas. The Ruili Key Development and Opening-up Experimental Zone was established in 2012, and the Mengla (Mohan) Key Development and Opening-up Experimental Zone was approved in July of last year. Meanwhile, efforts are continuing to promote cross-border economic cooperation zones in the hope of strengthening joint development with those Southeast Asian countries sharing the same border. Currently, there are four national-level border cooperation zones in Yunnan – in Ruili and Wanding (serving Myanmar), Hekou (serving Vietnam) and Lincang (approved in 2013 and also serving Myanmar).

瑞麗重點開發開放試驗區(以下簡稱瑞麗試驗區)位於雲南省西部的德宏傣族景頗族自治州，與緬甸接壤。試驗區以瑞麗市為核心，區內有瑞麗、畹町兩個國家一類口岸，以及瑞麗、畹町兩個國家級邊境經濟合作區。瑞麗試驗區希望建設成為中緬邊境經濟貿易中心、西南開放的重要國際陸港，其中主要推進對外開放，加快特色優勢產業發展，加快進出口加工區、國際物流倉儲區等發展，鞏固提升珠寶玉石、優質木材、天然橡膠等資源深加工產業，重點發展面向南亞、東南亞市場的出口加工產業。

The Ruili Key Development and Opening-up Experimental Zone is located in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the western part of Yunnan province bordering Myanmar. With Ruili city as its core, the experimental zone houses two category-one national ports, Ruili and Wanding, as well as the Ruili and Wanding national-level border economic cooperation zones. It is hoped that the Ruili experimental zone will become a China-Myanmar border economic and trade centre, as well as an important international land port for China’s southwestern region. Its primary role includes promoting opening up to the outside world; expediting the development of priority industries; accelerating the development of import-export processing zones, and international logistics and warehousing zones; strengthening and enhancing deep-processing industries involving such resources as jewellery and jade, quality timber, and natural rubber; and placing an increased emphasis on developing export processing industries reaching out to the South Asia and Southeast Asia markets.

瑞麗試驗區也提供稅務優惠，對入駐試驗區的新辦企業，除國家禁止和限制的產業外，應繳納企業所得稅地方分享部分實行「五免五減半」優惠，即自取得生產經營第一筆收入年度起，前5年免徵、後5年減半徵收企業所得稅地方分享部分。在勞動力方面，據估計有約6至7萬緬甸人在瑞麗打工，月薪約1,000多元人民幣，但流動性也頗大。瑞麗試驗區在吸引較大型企業方面最近也有進展，例如重慶銀翔摩托車和北京汽車等。

A number of preferential tax policies are offered in the Ruili experimental zone. Newly established enterprises entering the zone, with the exception of those engaging in industries prohibited or restricted by the state, are entitled to a “five-year exemption and five-year reduction by half” of the local portion of their payable enterprise income tax. Under this concession, counting from their first year of generating income from production or operation, new enterprises will have the local portion of their enterprise income tax exempted for five years and reduced by half in the five years that follow. Where the labour market is concerned, it is estimated that about 60,000 to 70,000 Burmese workers are employed in Ruili, each earning a monthly wage of about RMB1,000. However, labour turnover is quite high. The Ruili experimental zone has also made some progress in attracting the entry of large enterprises, such as Chongqing Yinxiang Motorcycle and the BAIC (Beijing Automotive Industry Corporation).

北汽在雲南瑞麗的項目是在2013年開始與地方協商，與當地一家民企合資，總投資額36億元人民幣，規劃全建好後的產能15萬台車，第一期是5萬台。2015年7月建設組裝線，預計2016年底第一期建好，預計整個瑞麗生產基地在2018年全面建成。

BAIC began negotiations with a local private enterprise in Ruili in 2013 with regard to the setting up of a joint-venture project. With a total investment of RMB3.6 billion, the project has a planned production capacity of 150,000 vehicles upon completion in 2018. Phase I assembly line construction, with a planned capacity of 50,000 vehicles, began in July 2015 and is scheduled for completion by the end of this year.

據北汽在瑞麗的代表指出，項目因一帶一路策略而建成，促使面向東南亞市場，而瑞麗開放開發試驗區也提供稅務優惠。北汽近幾年開始出口，現在已有出口到伊朗、埃及、俄羅斯、烏克蘭等地。東南亞方面出口市場將從緬甸開始。緬甸對汽車需求很大，例如日本的二手車很受歡迎，北汽將生產適合緬甸當地市場的車種例如皮卡車，並將配合良好服務。現在開始著手建立在緬甸的銷售網，其中將通過雲南的合資企業在緬甸的網絡，也計劃開設銷售店，與保養服務聯在一起。

According to a representative of BAIC’s Ruili plant, negotiations on the project were successful thanks to the Belt and Road strategy, which allows the plant to target the Southeast Asia market. The plant can also benefit from the tax concessions offered by the Ruili Key Development and Opening-up Experimental Zone. BAIC started its export business a few years ago and today its products are sold to a number of countries, including Iran, Egypt, Russia and Ukraine. When prioritising export markets in Southeast Asia, BAIC’s first port of call is Myanmar, where the demand for automobiles is huge and second-hand Japanese cars are popular. BAIC plans to produce such auto models as pickup trucks designed specifically to cater to the Myanmar market, with a price point set at about RMB40,000, including provision for a good after-sale service. BAIC has now started to set up sales networks in Myanmar and, through the networks of its joint-venture partner in Yunnan, plans to open shops in Myanmar to sell vehicles and provide a maintenance service.

現時北汽瑞麗生產線所需的零配件主要是從重慶以公路運過來，約2-3天時間，現時公路運輸已基本開通，但鐵路方面可能還要等一段時間，因此運輸成本相對較高。不過，現在已有不少零部件供應商表示有興趣到當地設立配套供應。至於勞動力供應對北汽瑞麗而言應該不是大問題，因為預計達到10萬台汽車的產量時，技術工人也只要約3,000人。現正與當地技術學校合作，協助培訓相關技術工人。

The parts and components required by BAIC’s Ruili production line are mainly delivered by road from Chongqing, a journey of about two to three days, as rail transport is not yet available. As a result, the transportation costs are rather high. However, many parts and components suppliers have shown interest in coming to Ruili to set up plants to supply the production line. Even when output reaches 100,000 automobiles, it is expected that only about 3,000 workers will be required, with BAIC currently cooperating with local technical schools to train the necessary staff.