一帶一路
哈薩克斯坦共和國是一個總統制單一制國家。依據憲法，國家具有民主性、世俗性、法制性，推崇以人為本的價值觀，尊重人的生命、權力和自由。哈薩克斯坦於1991年12月16日獲得獨立。首都是阿斯坦納。國語為哈薩克語，俄語是民族交流語言。貨幣單位——堅戈。哈薩克斯坦總統是國家元首，國家最高領導人，確定國家的主要內部和對外政策，在國內和國際關係中代表哈薩克斯坦。總統是民族團結、國家權力、憲法的權威性、公民的權力與自由的象徵和保證。
The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with the presidential system of government. Under the Constitution, Kazakhstan is a democratic, secular, legal and social state which recognizes the man, his life, rights and freedoms as the supreme values of the country. Kazakhstan gained independence on December 16, 1991. Astana is the capital city of the country. Kazakh language is the official language of Kazakhstan. The Russian language has the status of the language of interethnic communication. The unit of currency used in Kazakhstan is tenge.The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, the highest political official, who determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the country and represents Kazakhstan on the international arena. The President is a symbol and guarantor of the national unity and the state power, inviolability of the Constitution, as well as the rights and freedoms of an individual and citizen.
政府是權力執行結構，是執行機構體系之首，政府通過其活動發揮其領導作用。議會具有立法職能，分為兩個院——上院和下院，是常任機構。上議院組織議員，每個區、直轄市和首都分別有兩位議員。上議院15位元議員由總統根據國家文化和其他社會利益的保障需要進行任命。下議院由107個議員組成，其中9個是由哈薩克斯坦人民大會選舉產生。議會上院議員的任期為六年，下議院為五年。當前，議會下院有三個黨派的代表——“祖國之光”党，“光明道路”民主黨和哈薩克斯坦共產黨。國家的行政區域劃分為14個區，2個直轄市。哈薩克斯坦人口超過1700萬。國家的民族成分，根據2009年資料，構成為：哈薩克族63.7%，俄羅斯族23.7%，烏茲別克族2.85%，烏克蘭族2.08%，維吾爾族1.4%，韃靼族1.28%，日爾曼族1.11%，其他民族4.51%。
The Government implements executive powers, heads the system of executive bodies and exercises supervision of their activity. The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan performs legislative functions and consists of two Chambers acting on a permanent basis: the Senate and the Majilis. The Senate is composed of deputies, two of whom represent each region of the country, as well as the cities of the national significance and the capital of Kazakhstan. Fifteen deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President with due regard to equal representation of national and cultural and other significant interests of the society. The Majilis consists of 107 deputies, nine of whom are elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The term of the powers of Senate deputies is six years; term of the powers of the Majilis deputies is five years. At the moment, there are three parties in the Mazhilis, including “Nur Otan” People’s Democratic Party, “Ak zhol” Democratic Party of Kazakhstan and Communist People’s Party of Kazakhstan.The country is divided into 14 administrative zones and has 2 cities of national significance.The population of Kazakhstan exceeds 17 million people. The ethnic structure of the society, according to the national census of 2009, is as follows: Kazakhs – 63.07%, Russian – 23,7%, Uzbeks – 2.85%, Ukrainians – 2.08%, the Uighurs – 1.4%, Tatars – 1.28%, the Germans – 1.11% other – 4.51%.
哈薩克斯坦擁有272.49萬平方公里的土地，國土面積排在世界第9位。北部和西部與俄羅斯接壤，擁有7591公里的邊界線（世界上最長的陸地連續國界線），東邊與中國有1783公里的邊界。南邊與吉爾吉斯斯坦1242公里，烏茲別克斯坦2351公里，土庫曼斯坦426公里。陸地邊界線總長度為13200公里。
哈薩克斯坦是世界最大的內陸國。國土的大部分由荒漠（44%）和半荒漠（14%）組成。草原占哈薩克斯坦國土面積的26%，森林5.5%。國內有85000條河流。裡海東北部水域屬於哈薩克斯坦境內。鹹海將哈薩克斯坦和烏茲別克斯坦分隔開來。哈薩克斯坦有48000個大大小小的湖泊。其中最大的是巴爾喀什湖，齋桑湖，阿拉湖。離海洋的距離較遠，使得這裡具有強烈的大陸性氣候。
Covering an area of 2.724 million square kilometers, the country has the ninth largest territory in the world. In the north and the west, the country shares border with Russia (7,591 km), with China in the east (1,783 km), with Kyrgyzstan (1,242 km), with Uzbekistan (2,351 km) and Turkmenistan (426 km) in the south. The total length of land border of Kazakhstan with other states amounts to 13,200 km. Kazakhstan is the largest land locked country in the world. Most part of the country accounts for the desert – 44% and semi-deserts – 14%. Steppes occupy 26% of Kazakhstan’s territory, while forests – only 5.5%. There are 8,500 rivers in the country. The Northeastern part of the Caspian Sea is a part of the country. The Aral Sea is divided between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In Kazakhstan, there are 48,000 large and small lakes, among which are Balkhash, Zaisan and Alakol. The remoteness of the country from the oceans determine the continental climate of the country.
近期评论