中印投資 | 印度投資風險研究之政治篇

India, or the Republic of India, lies on the south-Asia subcontinent, both ancient and young. As the world ancient civilization, India achieved greatly on religion, literature and art, due to which the Buddhism thrives among the east and north of Asia. Now, India has earned its place as one of the world’s rising powers, seen as one of the most promising countries in 21st century with its GDP ranking 9th throughout the whole world.Locating on the southern part of Eurasia, India is surrounded, north with the Himalayas, west with the Arabian Sea, east with the Bay of Bengal and south with the Sri Lanka across the Laccadive Sea. India, true to its name of great power by the Indian Ocean, pierces into waves—not only the transportation hub connecting Asia, Middle East and Africa, but also the power guarding the path from South China Sea to the Persian Gulf. In the meantime, India has always been the most powerful neighbor southwest to China, playing an important role in Silk Road Economic Belt and Maritime Silk Road of 21st century. It is the key to China’s B&R Initiative policy.

印度同中國一樣，是世界四大文明古國之一，歷史悠久、文化燦爛。近代史上曾淪為英國的殖民地，一度是“英王皇冠上的寶石”。1947年印巴分治，印度獲得獨立，並于1950年建立印度共和國。印度實行的是三權分立的資產階級民主制度，並經常以“世界上最大的民主國家”自詡。議會總統制下的印度，總統雖是國家元首、武裝部隊總司令，但實際上不掌握大權。現任總統為普拉納布·慕克吉。總統根據議會選舉結果，任命多數黨領袖出任內閣總理。以總理為首的內閣行使國家行政權，現任總理莫迪系2014年大選上臺。議會掌握立法權，上院為聯邦院，下院是人民院。司法體系方面，最高法院和最高檢察院分別是最高司法機關和檢察機關，負責審議國家重大事項、解決中央政府與各邦之間的爭議問題、監督憲法和法律的執行情況等。除此之外，各邦設有高等法院和高等檢察院，負責本邦事宜。

Similar to China, India belongs to one of the four ancient civilizations, the historic and cultural. In modern time, India was colonized by Great Britain, once the jewel on King’s crown. The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 gave India the hard-won independence, and in 1950, the Republic of India was founded.India runs a tripartite political system, self-claiming as the largest democratic country in the world.Under parliamentary presidency, president of India, though is the leader of the country and chief command of the armed force, seizes no actual power in hand. Pranab Mukherjee is the president of India. President would nominate the leader of majority party as the Prime Minister according to the result of the election. The cabinet led by Prime Minister runs the country, and the present power holder is Modi, elected as the Prime Minister in 2014. The parliament owns the legislation, the upper house is RajyaSabha, and the lower house is LokSabha.For the judiciary system, the Supreme Court and Supreme Procuratorate are in responsible for reviewing national issues, solving controversies between central and states’ governments, and supervising constitution and law execution. Besides, every state has its own court and procuratorate to cover it own.

政黨制度方面，印度實行多黨制，但實際上國大黨和人民黨力量明顯占優。國大黨是印度老牌政黨，曾領導印度反英殖民鬥爭，長期執政並深得人心，但在2014年的印度大選中敗給了莫迪領導的人民黨。人民黨是印度的新興政黨，創建於1980年，是印度第二大資產階級政黨。除國大黨和人民黨外，印度還有共產黨、泰盧固之鄉黨等小黨。

India carries multi-party system, yet the Congress Party and the BJP obviously outstand. The Congress Party has a long history, leading anti-British colonization struggles and has earned the support of people for long. However, it lost to BJP led by Modi in Indian Election in2014. BJP is a newly thrived party, founded in 1980, and now is the 2nd largest bourgeois party within the country. Except for these two, there are also parties of smaller scale, such as the Communist Party and Telugu Desam Party.

此外，印度素有“世界宗教博物館”之稱，印度教、伊斯蘭教、猶太教、佛教等眾多宗教在印度都擁有大量信眾。在歷史上，宗教變革是印度經濟發展和社會變遷的重要動力，但宗教之間的矛盾也屢屢引發流血衝突。與此同時，時至今日印度種姓制度猶存，社會結構等級分明，這無疑是制約其長期經濟增長的重要因素。

India has long been known as the World’s Religion Museum, with great number of followers of Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and etc. Throughout the history, religious reforms have always been the main power accelerating the development of economy and society, yet simultaneously, religious controversies would result into sanguinary conflicts. Even now, the caste system of India still exists and clarifies the class difference in its society, which definitely hinders its long-term development of economy.