一帶一路 | 走進印度之政府對經濟的控制力

印度和中國都處在亞洲，缺乏政治民主、自由經濟的歷史傳統，而且經歷過殖民地或半殖民地的時期，因而在現代化初期，政治上都呈現出一種較為明顯的共同特徵一一程度不同的威權主義色彩，表現在經濟上就是政府對經濟的控制力，從獨立到現代化，可以看出政府在其中的作用極大，大的改革幾乎無一例外都是由政府自上而下推動的，例如對經濟的規劃、經濟體制的確立、產權制度的形成、國有企業的主導等等都可以強烈地看到政府作用的結果。可以預期，接下來的幾十年裡，只要國際大環境不發生大的變動，印度和中國還會繼續主要依靠政府作為經濟改革和進步的主要推動力，如果政府做得好，對於整個國家的現代化進程以及國際優勢的形成有極大的促進作用。

從政府的效率和對經濟的控制力來看，中國的政局穩定，政府對經濟的控制能力很強，在宏觀調控方面有著舉足輕重的作用，而且政府的經濟決策效率相對較高，政府是改革的積極推動者，經濟快速發展有更好的保障。一直以來，國內對一些影響社會發展的投資需求很小，一直制約著中國經濟的發展，政府的財政投入則是重要的補充。比如2009年要保持投資較快增長和優化投資結構，中央政府的投資高達９０８０億元，但如何保證這些錢用在經濟社會發展的薄弱環節，而不是一般加工工業、高耗能產業或低水準重複建設，甚至勞民傷財的“政績工程”和“形象工程”，是投資能否見效的關鍵。要提高政府投資的績效，關鍵是要通過政府投資引導社會資本，投向符合國家產業政策的領域。

India and China are both located in Asia, the lack of political democracy and economic freedom has led to a result that they have shown kind of different types of authoritarianism in a political way. It can be seen that the government had a huge power on every revolution in the country, including economic planning, the establishment of the economic system, the formation of the property right system, state-owned enterprises dominated and so on. We can see that China and India are still counting on the government in the next few decades in order to push the process of economy and innovation. If the government does things well it will benefit the whole country.

From the point of view of the government’s efficiency and control on the economy, China’s political stability and government’s ability to control the economy is strong, in the macro-control it has a pivotal role and the government’s economic policy-making efficiency is relatively high, the government is an active promoter of reform, the rapid development of the economy have better security. All along, the domestic investment demand for some of the social development is very small, which has been restricting the development of China’s economy, the government’s financial investment is an important supplement. For example, in 2009 to maintain rapid growth in investment and improve the investment structure, the central government investment reached 90.8 billion yuan. But how to ensure the money with a weak link in the economic and social development, and not the general processing industry, high energy consuming industries or low level repeated construction, even when money “project of achievement in one’s post” and “image projects”, is the investment can be effective is a key question. To improve the performance of government investment, the key is to guide social capital through government investment, to invest in line with the national industrial policy.